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By
Kathleen Marikangas, National Institute of Mental Health National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD USA,
Kelly Yu, National Institute of Mental Health National Institute of Mental Health Bethesda, MD USA
Edited by
Andreas Marneros, Martin Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenburg, Germany,Frederick Goodwin, George Washington University, Washington DC
The role of genetic factors in the etiology of bipolar disorder has been suspected for more than a century. Despite the abundance of well-controlled family and genetic studies that have employed sophisticated methodology to investigate the transmission of mood disorders among adults, there are only a limited number of controlled family studies that have focused on the manifestation of mood disorders among adolescents. The role of genetic factors underlying the familial aggregation of depression has been investigated by several twin studies of depressive symptoms and disorders among youth. Gene-environment interaction characterizes a broad range of human diseases such as cancer and birth defects. Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) applies explicitly to the major depressive episode in bipolar I, bipolar II, or major depressive disorder (MDD) at characteristic times of the year, occurring more commonly in females.
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